〜の下で（もとで） (〜のもとで（もとで）): This means something happens because of someone or something. It shows who is in charge. Or it shows what rules are followed.

〜の下で（もとで）

This means something happens because of someone or something. It shows who is in charge. Or it shows what rules are followed.

N2 KMT7FormalStandardCompound ParticleMixedIn Accordance WithGrammar

Noun + の下でPrimary

Noun + の下に

This means something happens because of someone or something. It shows who is in charge. Or it shows what rules are followed.

鈴木教授の指導の下で、私は博士論文を完成させました。

Under the guidance of Professor Suzuki, I completed my doctoral thesis.

PolitePastAffirmativeMid SentenceDeclarativeEducation Work & Career

新しい法律の下では、18歳未満の者の深夜労働は認められていない。

Under the new law, late-night labor for persons under 18 is not permitted.

FormalProgressiveNegativeMid SentenceDeclarativePolitics & Law Work & Career

法の下の平等は、近代国家の基本原則です。

Equality under the law is a fundamental principle of modern nations.

FormalNon PastAffirmativePrenominalDeclarativePolitics & Law Core Concepts

この厳しい条件下で、プロジェクトを成功させるのは困難だろう。

Under these strict conditions, it will probably be difficult to make the project succeed.

FormalNon PastAffirmativeMid SentenceConjecturalBusiness & Finance Work & Career

多くのボランティアが、共通の目的の下に集まった。

Many volunteers gathered under a common purpose.

FormalPastAffirmativeMid SentenceDeclarativeCulture & Traditions

This phrase shows something is happening because of a strong power or situation. Think of it like being under a big umbrella. The umbrella is the power or situation. You are under it, so it affects you.

This is different from "based on" or "following." "Based on" means you use information. "Following" means you obey a rule. "Under" means you are in a situation or someone is guiding you.

Don't use this when you mean a physical place, like "under the table." Use "〜のしたで" for that. This pattern is for ideas, rules, or power. It is not for real places.

Often confused with(1)

〜に基づいて

This means 'based on'. You use it to show that something follows a rule or a fact.

More formal alternatives(2)

〜通りに / 〜通りだ（〜どおりに / 〜どおりだ）

This means "as" or "in the same way as." You use it when something is exactly like what you heard or saw.

〜通り（〜とおり／〜どおり）

This means something happens just like you expect. It is exactly as someone said or showed you.

Less formal alternatives(1)

〜に基づいて

This means 'based on'. You use it to show that something follows a rule or a fact.

〜の

This word shows that something belongs to someone. It also links two nouns. The first noun tells you more about the second noun.

〜で (location)

This word shows where something happens. It means 'at', 'in', or 'on' a place.

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Dictionary

〜の下で（もとで）

This means something happens because of someone or something. It shows who is in charge. Or it shows what rules are followed.

N2 KMT7FormalStandardCompound ParticleMixedIn Accordance WithGrammar

Noun + の下でPrimary

Noun + の下に

This means something happens because of someone or something. It shows who is in charge. Or it shows what rules are followed.

鈴木教授の指導の下で、私は博士論文を完成させました。

Under the guidance of Professor Suzuki, I completed my doctoral thesis.

PolitePastAffirmativeMid SentenceDeclarativeEducation Work & Career

新しい法律の下では、18歳未満の者の深夜労働は認められていない。

Under the new law, late-night labor for persons under 18 is not permitted.

FormalProgressiveNegativeMid SentenceDeclarativePolitics & Law Work & Career

法の下の平等は、近代国家の基本原則です。

Equality under the law is a fundamental principle of modern nations.

FormalNon PastAffirmativePrenominalDeclarativePolitics & Law Core Concepts

この厳しい条件下で、プロジェクトを成功させるのは困難だろう。

Under these strict conditions, it will probably be difficult to make the project succeed.

FormalNon PastAffirmativeMid SentenceConjecturalBusiness & Finance Work & Career

多くのボランティアが、共通の目的の下に集まった。

Many volunteers gathered under a common purpose.

FormalPastAffirmativeMid SentenceDeclarativeCulture & Traditions

This is different from "based on" or "following." "Based on" means you use information. "Following" means you obey a rule. "Under" means you are in a situation or someone is guiding you.

Don't use this when you mean a physical place, like "under the table." Use "〜のしたで" for that. This pattern is for ideas, rules, or power. It is not for real places.

Often confused with(1)

〜に基づいて

This means 'based on'. You use it to show that something follows a rule or a fact.

More formal alternatives(2)

〜通りに / 〜通りだ（〜どおりに / 〜どおりだ）

This means "as" or "in the same way as." You use it when something is exactly like what you heard or saw.

〜通り（〜とおり／〜どおり）

This means something happens just like you expect. It is exactly as someone said or showed you.

Less formal alternatives(1)

〜に基づいて

This means 'based on'. You use it to show that something follows a rule or a fact.

〜の

This word shows that something belongs to someone. It also links two nouns. The first noun tells you more about the second noun.

〜で (location)

This word shows where something happens. It means 'at', 'in', or 'on' a place.

Track your mastery

Kumi's KMT system tracks your mastery across kanji, vocabulary, grammar, and reading. Create a free account to use it on 220,000+ concepts.

〜の下で（もとで）

Patterns2

Meaning

Examples5

Nuance1

Contrasts1

Restrictions1

Compare with4

Often confused with(1)

More formal alternatives(2)

Less formal alternatives(1)

Prerequisites2

Track your mastery

〜の下で（もとで）

Patterns2

Meaning

Examples5

Nuance1

Contrasts1

Restrictions1

Compare with4

Often confused with(1)

More formal alternatives(2)

Less formal alternatives(1)

Prerequisites2

Track your mastery